Backpack Construction
Definition of Terms
Warp
The definition of "Warp" is the threads attached lengthwise in a loom to
be crossed by the weft.
Weft
The definition of "Weft" is the horizontal threads woven across a warp to
make a fabric, also known as Woof.
Polyurethane
The definition of "Polyurethane" is any group of thermoplastic polymers
used in coatings, insulation, adhesives, foams and fibres. The term "polyurethane
elastomers" includes such diverse products as thermoplastic polyurethane,
cast elastomers and Reaction Injection Moulded (RIM) products. Thermoplastic
Polyurethane Major Applications include, Architectural Glass Lamination,
Auto-Body Side Moulding, Automotive Lumbar Supports, Caster Wheels, Cattle
Tags, Constant Velocity Boots (Automotive), Drive Belts, Film and Sheet,
Fire Hose Liner, Flexible Tubing, Food Processing Equipment, Footwear -
sport shoe soles, Hydraulic Hoses, Hydraulic Seals ,Inflatable Rafts, In-Line
Skates, Magnetic Media, Medical Tubing / (+IV) Biomedical Apparatus, Mining
Screens, Sporting Goods, Swim Fins and Goggles, Coated Fabrics, Wire and
Cable Coatings.
Further technical information is available at:
http://www.polyurethane.org/
Tensile Strength
The definition of "Tensile" relates to tension, capable of being drawn out,
stretched or pulled out of shape. Testing textile tensile material properties
applies to yarns, twisted threads and cords, flat structured specimens such
as fleece, knitwear and fabrics. Common tests include seam slippage resistance
, tear propagation, needle tear out resistance, and grab method.
Breaking Strength & Elongation by the Grab Test per ASTM D5034
The grab and modified grab test procedures determine breaking strength
and elongation of wet or dry textile fabric samples. A grab test is really
a tensile test where the centre of the specimen width is gripped in the
clamps. The modified grab test is similar - lateral slits are made mid-length
of the specimen severing all yarns bordering that portion of the specimen
held between the two clamps. The grab test applies to woven, non-woven,
and felted fabrics, while the modified grab test is best used for woven
fabrics. The test is not recommended for glass fabrics, knitted fabrics
or high stretch fabrics.
The grab test determines the effective strength of the fabric: the strength
of the yarns in a specified width with fabric assistance from the adjacent
yarns. It does not reflect the strength of the yarns actually gripped between
clamps.
The modified grab test is applicable to the determination of the breaking
force of fabrics with constructions in which the application of tensile
stress on ravel strip specimens produces further unravelling. It is particularly
applicable to high-strength fabrics.
A four-inch wide specimen must be mounted in the centre of upper and
lower grips and force applied until the specimen breaks. There are two types
of specimens used, grab and modified grab.
Grab test: the front grip face must measure 1 inch by 1 or 2 inches,
the longer dimension along the vertical.
Modified grab test: the front grip face must be at least 1 inch by 2
inches, with the longer dimension along the vertical.
Tear Strength
The definition of "Tear" in these tests is to make a hole in the fabric.
Tear Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) Apparatus
as per ASTM D1424
This test method covers the determination of the force required to propagate
a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a fabric and using a falling-pendulum
type (Elmendorf) apparatus.
This test method applies to most fabrics including woven, layered blankets,
napped pile, blanket, and air bag fabrics, provided the fabric does not
tear in the direction crosswise to the direction of the force application
during the test. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated,
or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with,
or without, wetting.
Further technical information is available at:
ASTM International Standards Worldwide
Denier
The definition of "Denier" is a measure of fibre fineness in silk and some
artificial fibres, such as Nylon, equal to one gram per 9,000 metres of
yarn. Denier is a measurement of fibre weight used to describe the thickness
of a thread or yarn. The higher the denier, the larger the fibres and the
stronger the material.Information on Thermoset Polymers and Thermoplastic
Polymers
MatWeb - This page allows you to quickly access all of the polymers/plastics,
metals, and ceramics/other engineering materials in the MatWeb material
property database.
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